This article was originally posted on the Climate Neutral Group website and was shared here following the merger with Anthesis Group.
The U.N. climate panel report released on August 9th, 2021, about the physical science of climate change uses five possible scenarios for the future. The scenarios are the result of complex calculations that depend on how quickly humans curb greenhouse gas emissions.
But the calculations are also meant to capture socioeconomic changes in areas such as population, urban density, education, land use and wealth. For example, a rise in population is assumed to lead to higher demand for fossil fuels and water. Education can affect the rate of technology development. Emissions increase when land is converted from forest to agricultural land. Each scenario is labelled to identify both the emissions level and the so-called Shared Socioeconomic Pathway, or SSP, used in those calculations.
This first scenario is the only one that meets the Paris Agreement’s goal of keeping global warming to around 1.5 degrees Celsius above preindustrial temperatures.
Scenario 1 – Most optimistic: 1.5C by 2050
SSP1-1.9:
The IPCC’s most optimistic scenario describes a world where global CO2 emissions are cut to net zero around 2050. Societies switch to more sustainable practices, with the focus shifting from economic growth to overall well-being. Investments in education and health go up. Inequality falls. Extreme weather is more common, but the world has dodged the worst impacts of climate change.
This first scenario is the only one that meets the Paris Agreement’s goal of keeping global warming to around 1.5 degrees Celsius above preindustrial temperatures, with warming hitting 1.5C but then dipping back down and stabilizing around 1.4C by the end of the century.
Scenario 2 – Next Best: 1.8C by 2100
SSP1-2.6:
In the next-best scenario, global CO2 emissions are cut severely, but not as fast, reaching net-zero after 2050. It imagines the same socioeconomic shifts towards sustainability as SSP1-1.9. But temperatures stabilize around 1.8C higher by the end of the century.
Scenario 3 – Middle of the road: 2.7C by 2100
SSP2-4.5:
This is a “middle of the road” scenario. CO2 emissions hover around current levels before starting to fall mid-century but do not reach net-zero by 2100. Socioeconomic factors follow their historic trends, with no notable shifts. Progress toward sustainability is slow, with development and income growing unevenly. In this scenario, temperatures rise 2.7C by the end of the century.
This is a future to avoid at all costs.
Current CO2 emissions levels roughly double by 2050.
Scenario 4 – Dangerous: 3.6C by 2100
SSP3-7.0:
On this path, emissions and temperatures rise steadily and CO2 emissions roughly double from current levels by 2100. Countries become more competitive with one another, shifting toward national security and ensuring their own food supplies. By the end of the century, average temperatures have risen by 3.6C.
Scenario 5 – Avoid at all costs: 4.4C by 2100
SSP5-8.5:
This is a future to avoid at all costs. Current CO2 emissions levels roughly double by 2050. The global economy grows quickly, but this growth is fuelled by exploiting fossil fuels and energy-intensive lifestyles. By 2100, the average global temperature is a scorching 4.4C higher.
Conclusion
The climate report cannot tell us which scenario is most likely — that will be decided by factors including government policies. But it does show how choices today will affect the future. In every scenario, warming will continue for at least a few decades. Sea levels will continue rising for hundreds or thousands of years, and the Arctic will be practically free of sea ice in at least one summer in the next 30 years. But how quickly seas will rise and how dangerous the weather might get still depends on which path the world opts to take.
Acceleration of CO2 reduction is very important; we cannot permit ourselves any delays.
Source: Explainer by Reuters
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